In individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus), bacterial infections of the lungs, skin, circulation, and other organs are prevalent, and they are often more severe and invasive than similar infections in healthy people. Using both human patient samples and animal models of lupus, a number of research have looked at changes in bacterial abundance in lupus patients, infection rates, and the effect of certain bacterial species on disease development. The purpose of this review is to summarize human and mouse studies that describe changes in the bacterial microbiome in lupus, the role of a leaky gut in stimulating inflammation, the identification of specific bacterial species associated with lupus, and the potential roles of common bacterial infections in promoting lupus progression. The data was gathered by searching the PubMed database for papers about bacterial infections in lupus and alterations in the microbiome linked with the disease. The bacterial microbiome of lupus patients differs significantly from that of control people, and in lupus-prone mice differs significantly from that of control mice, according to the research evaluated. Furthermore, there is evidence that lupus patients and lupus-prone mice have a leaky gut. Live bacteria or bacterial components may enter the blood through a leaky gut, causing inflammation. Invasive bacterial infections are more prevalent in lupus patients, and they are typically more severe. Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and mycobacteria are among the microorganisms that cause illnesses. These bacterial infections can cause enhanced immunological activation and inflammation, which can stimulate autoreactive lymphocyte activation and aggravate lupus symptoms.
